Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Department of Arabic Language and Literature-Faculty of Literature and Humanities-Kharazmi University-Karaj-Iran
2
Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran.
3
Department of Arabic Language and Literature-Faculty of Literature and Humanities-University of Tehran-Tehran-Iran
10.22034/iw.2026.556028.1856
Abstract
Arabic literature has long served as a venue for the manifestation of the thoughts of Sheikh al-Akbar, Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi. In this context, Arabic novels have played a significant role in introducing the ideas of the father of Islamic mysticism and Sufism to audiences by employing his theories. Concepts such as the “arc of descent” and “arc of ascent,” which play a crucial role in articulating the theory of the Perfect human in Ibn Arabi's thought, are evident in mystical narratives, particularly those corresponding to Ibn Arabi's biography. The theory of the Perfect human (al-Insan al-Kamil) and its foundational principles have been elucidated in several works by Ibn Arabi, most notably in the Fusus al-Hikam, specifically within the chapter on Adam. Seyyed Hossein Nasr characterizes this doctrine as the chosen principle of Sufism. Ibn Arabi introduces the Perfect human as the (fass) of the ring of existence, stating: The Perfect human is the gemstone of the ring of the world of creation, whom God the Almighty has appointed as His vicegerent (khalifa) to preserve the universe; thus, the order of creation is maintained through the light of the Perfect human's existence. Furthermore, scholars have noted that Adam in this context does not refer to the historical progenitor of humanity, but rather signifies the Human Reality (al-Haqiqa al-Insaniyya) as the essential subject of importance. The composition of the novels Mount Qaf and Small Death—the former focusing on the descending arc of the Perfect Human theory and the latter representing the ascending arc—illustrates a portion of the efforts by Arab authors to explain and honor the status of Ibn Arabi. The success of these novels in attracting audiences can be observed through the awards they have received. Small Death, by winning the International Prize for Arabic Fiction (Arabic Booker) in 2017, exemplifies the interest of new generations in understanding this great figure and his ideas. On one hand, Ibn Arabi's ontological discussions, particularly regarding creation and his perspective on women, have raised attention to the doctrine of creative Feminine Principle (al-taʾanith al-khāllaaq) in literature; on the other hand, the theory of the Perfect Human, considered one of the most central themes in Ibn Arabi's thought, has served as the foundation for the formation of mystical narratives in Arabic literature. Examining literary works written about Sheikh al-Akbar as a theorist of Islamic mysticism not only reveals techniques for employing mystical concepts and Sufi teachings within a narrative format but also establishes a method for teaching and learning abstract mystical concepts. Therefore, the present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the novels Mount Qaf and Small Death, with the aim of examining doctrines related to the theory of the Perfect Human, the arcs of descent and ascent, creative imagination, and creative femininity (al-taʾanith al-khāllaaq).The results indicate that both the novels Mount Qaf and Small Death address the representation of the life of Ibn Arabi. However, a distinction observed in these narratives lies in the authors' respective perspectives on the theory of the Perfect human (al-Insan al-Kamil). Since the theory of the Perfect human can be analyzed through the two arcs of descent and ascent, each of the aforementioned novels focuses on one aspect of this theory. Specifically, Mount Qaf considers the descending arc of creation, whereas Small Death focuses on the ascending and evolutionary arc of the human being. In fact, these two novels are regarded as complementary, functioning together to enable the representation of the circular system of human evolution within the theory of the Perfect human. The authors of both novels introduce Ibn Arabi as the protagonist. He appears in the role of the Perfect human to explain the stages of this theory by applying them to his own life. Furthermore, both novels utilize linguistic and literary techniques, such as conceptual metaphor and the Hero’s Journey, to present mystical themes. Through the conceptual metaphor “The Throne of God is a Library,” Mount Qaf maps concepts related to the creation of beings and humanity using terms such as the Word, the Inkwell, the Pen, and the Tablet. In contrast, by emphasizing the travel plot, Small Death represents Ibn Arabi as a successful hero in achieving his own perfection. It is noteworthy that the characteristic of Creative Femininity (al-taʾanith al-khāllaaq) is manifested in the character of Nizam, the daughter of Sheikh Zaher Isfahani, facilitating Ibn Arabi’s proper functioning in self-realization. Generally, contemporary literature and the novel can be employed as a vehicle for expressing and applying classical mystical theories, including that of the Perfect human.
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